4 Causes of Bunions and What to Do About Them

If you have a bunion, you probably know it.

A bunion is that big bump at the base of your big toe where it meets your foot. Bunions usually develop over time as your big toe drifts toward your second toe, causing the joint at the base of the toe to protrude. The medical term for a bunion is hallux valgus.

You know you have a bunion because you can feel the pain and stiffness in your big toe, along with redness, swelling, calluses, and limited range of motion.

Bunions are caused by a few issues. Here are four common causes and what to do about them, courtesy of our expert team at Austin Foot & Ankle Institute in Austin and Cedar Park, Texas.

1. Genetics 

About 70% of people with bunions have a family history (usually a parent). No specific gene leads to bunions, but inheriting flat feet or a flexible ligament structure from your parents makes it more likely you develop a bunion.

You obviously can’t change your genetics, and bunions aren’t a given even if your parents had them, but you should take preventive measures if you know there’s a family history.

2. Tight-fitting shoes

Wearing shoes that fit poorly is a huge factor in developing bunions. That’s especially relevant if you wear tight-fitting shoes with a narrow or pointed toe box that forces your toes into an unnatural position.

Extra pressure can help push your big toe joint out of alignment and cause a bunion to develop faster.

Wear shoes that give your toes room to spread out. Make sure the shoe doesn’t put pressure on your big toe and that your toes can naturally fall into their normal position. Shoes should fit when you buy them — don’t count on breaking them in over time.

3. Other health conditions

Underlying health conditions that cause inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or certain neuromuscular conditions, can lead to bunions. Your body mistakenly attacks the lining of the big toe joint, contributing to your bunion.

You can’t prevent these conditions, but if you have one, adopt a preventive mindset and treat bunions immediately if you notice signs. Preventive measures and treatments include custom orthotics, physical therapy, bunion pads, toe separators, and splints.

4. Foot mechanics

This term refers to how you walk and stand. For example, your foot may flatten too much when you walk, causing your big toe to move out of its normal range. Too much time on your feet (e.g., at work) or uneven weight distribution as you stand and walk can also lead to bunions.

If you or your doctor notices an issue with your foot mechanics, aim to straighten out those mechanics as soon as possible to avoid problems with bunions. Treatment, for example, could include additional arch support for people with flat feet.

If you have a bunion affecting your quality of life, our team at Austin Foot & Ankle Institute is here to help. Call one of our three Austin-area locations today.